Bruce Lockhart

In the course of my background reading about things colonial including the Proudlock murder I kept coming across the name Bruce Lockhart.

You don’t forget a name like that – and a couple of minutes with wikipedia shows him to be the same Bruce Lockhart who was a British agent in post revolutionary Russia and possible implicated in the Fanya Kaplan plot, and also helped Arthur Ransome’s (he of Swallows and Amazons fame) lover Evgenia Petrovna Shelepina who was Trotsky’s secretary leave Russia.

Tangled – from a murder on  verandah in colonial Malaya to the Lake district by way of the murder of Nicholas ii and a failed assasination attempt on Lenin …

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An English Girl’s First Impressions of Burmah …

As part of my background reading about Myanmar, which is rapidly turning into an informal unstructured study of British colonialism in Burma and South East Asia I’ve been reading, end enjoying immensely, Beth Ellis’s An English Girl’s First Impressions of Burmah which is truly a little gem of late Victorian travel writing. (Besides the UK Kindle edition and various paperback reprints there is also a US Kindle edition and a free version from Project Gutenberg).

It’s amusing, witty, and paints a quietly fascinating picture of the minutiae of colonial life. It should definitely be better known.

However there are two puzzles.

Beth Ellis refers to the hill station she visits as Remyo, though no such placename can be found by googling or on wikipedia. She visited before the railway line as complete but describes the railway having been pre built awaiting the arrival of the line. We also know that it was somewhere near Mandalay and took two days to get to using a combination of horse riding and carriage. We also know that you could look out onto the Shan State hills.

We know that Beth Ellis visited in 1897/8 and that the railway through Maymyo to Lashio via Hsipaw was under construction at that time which, given the distance travelled make Maymyo the most likely location being 70km from Mandalay, but up in the hills.

Maymyo was established as a military post in 1896 on the site of an existing Shan village and named after a Colonel May, the first British commander of the military post. My guess is, and it is only a guess, that the original name of the village of Remyo, and when Ellis visited the previous name was still in use and the name Maymyo came into use shortly afterwards. Certainly a railway map from 1900 shows the town as Maymyo. However Ellis describes the town as being in the process of being laid out with vacant blocks being marked out so it is perfectly possible that the town had not yet been renamed.

The other puzzle is just who was Beth Ellis. She turns out to be even more enigmatic that W G Burn Murdoch. Looking at the British Library catalogue page for her works we can see that she wrote several books and that she lived from 1874 to 1913, making her 23 when she visited Burma.

Other than that she seems to have left no trace. In fact to add insult to injury the NLA catalogue confuses her with the American storyteller Elizabeth Ellis ….

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Obsession, isolation and the colonies

A few days ago I tweeted a link to Mary Kilcline Cody’s work on the Ethel Proudlock case in colonial Malaya. (There’s also an earlier news item for the curious)

The case has everything, obsession with status, high drama, murder, and more. It’s all on wikipedia if you’re interested but in essence the story goes something like this.

A young man, Proudlock by name, secures a school teaching post at the Victoria Institute in Kuala Lumpur in the early years of the twentieth century. At that time the European community in KL was under a thousand strong, but the school prospered by offering a British public school style education to the sons of British community in colonial Malaya, without the tiresome and expensive business of having to send the children back to school in England.

Proudlock is diligent, works hard, and along the way marries Ethel, who is described as Eurasian – ie someone who had a parent of European descent and one of Asian descent. This in itself is slightly odd as one would have expected someone like him normally to acquire a British wife and not someone ‘second class’, which people of mixed parentage were most definitely classed.

In the small colonial community of KL his choice of options was probably limited, and probably having an Asian mistress, while acceptable in a rubber planter up country was probably not quite proper for a respectable school teacher. And of course he may genuinely have fallen in love with Ethel.

Anyway, despite his marriage to a non-European his career continued to prosper and he eventually got the opportunity to be acting headmaster while the headmaster was overseas on leave.

At this point everything goes wrong in the most dramatic way possible. While he is out one evening, his wife has a visitor, a rubber planter. Ethel shoots the rubber planter, and as he staggers, bleeding, onto the verandah, she continues to empty Proudlock’s revolver into him.

Ethel later claims that her visitor tried to rape her and she shot him in self defence.

However, she goes on trial for murder. It’s claimed that her visitor was in fact her lover, and she killed him in a fit of passion on being told that he was abandoning her for another woman. It’s also been claimed that a European was seen swimming fully clothed in the Klang river behind the house at this time, and it’s been suggested that this man was another of Ethel’s lovers.

Maybe he was, maybe he wasn’t. Maybe the Malay watchman who spotted him was confused as to the time, or maybe the man in question was visiting another house for some purpose, heard the disturbance, and had reason to make himself scarce.

Ethel is arrested, tried and sentenced to death. There is a massive outcry about the injustice of this and eventually her sentence is commuted by the Sultan of Selangor.

Ethel and Proudlock promptly leave the colony – Proudlock’s career is in ruins and Ethel, wel people will talk you konw.

Ethel eventually moves to Florida. Proudlock eventually turns up teaching at a British public school in Argentina, without Ethel. They appear to have kept in contact, but have led separate lives after the Malaya incident.

It looks like a another tale of illicit sex passion and murder in the colonies – and hardly unique – for example there was an equally celebrated case in Happy Valley in colonial Kenya, and an example of what can happen when a community is isolated and closed in on itself.

Besides wikipedia, the Victoria Institute website also has a good account with some extra information on Proudlock and Ethel after they moved on from KL.

There’s also an obvious resonance with Orwell’s Burmese Days with its obsession with status and undertones of racism..

What’s clear is that these colonial societies were hothouses of people trying to establish themselves and climb up the greasy pole – in the main they were young men of comparatively humble lower middle class origin and a job in the colonies gave them a chance to be more than insurance clerks or minor local authority officials. This is different from somewhere like Shanghai in the interwar years, as Shanghai attracted people on the make, fraudsters, disposessed Russians and the rest in the way that colonial Malaya or Burma did not.

The other significant point about colonial Malaya or Burma is that they were small societies, and therefore ones in which it was easier to cut a dash, and being quiet backwaters, ones weher it was easier to have bad behaviour overlooked as along as the government in Delhi or London was happy.

These societies were not settler societies. They were ones in which people went out to to do a job with every expectation of being transferred elsewhere or eventually retiring back to England.

This meant that they tended to have a disproportionate number of young men. And of course young men (and young women) naturally want to have sex. Not surprisingly in a colonial society with an excess of men this results in a tendency both for men to have native mistresses and also for what the Victorians would have called ‘moral indiscipline’ where those who were inclined to have affairs did so.

Nothing of course is surprising here. All closed societies tend to have features of this. It’s what lies behind the myth of universities being hotbeds of passion and intrigue. Put people of opposite genders together in a constrained and enclosed society and things happen. Sometimes explosively, as in the case of Ethel Proudlock.

It’s not surprising that such high octane happenings form the genesis of any number of murder mystery stories set in universities, reasearch groups, archaeological digs and the like – sex, intrique, and that little peculiarly English frisson caused by the (perceived and would be) upper classes behaving badly.

Not surprisingly the Proudlock case has been fictionalised, in this case by Somerset Maugham as the Letter, which was at first a short story and later a play and a movie.

Maugham’s story and play predate Orwell’s Burmese days by several years. While I’m sure that Burmese days is drawn from his own experiences one does wonder if Maugham’s story inspired Orwell …

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Foxes in Suburbia …

Urban foxes are well known in the UK. On visits to London I’ve seen foxes out in the daylight in London playing along the railway line that runs out to Hampton Court.

But Canberra?

We know there are foxes about – you see enough dead ones on the Parkway to know there are foxes living in the pockets of bush around Lake BG and we have seen one in the nature reserve on top of the hill above our house.

But until last night I never really thought there were urban foxes in Canberra. Now I’m not so sure.

Yesterday was J’s birthday and we’d been out for dinner to celebrate. Coming back about 10.30, just after I’d turned into our street I had to brake suddenly for an animal running across the road. At first I though ‘cat!’ and was worried it might be our cat as he’s ginger coloured. So I took a second longer look at the animal and no, it was a pale coloured fox running along the nature strip.

First time I’ve seen a fox actually around where humans live. The question is, was this a one time interloper or are they starting to move down into suburbia?

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Beetroot carpaccio …

And now for a change of theme – we tried something different for dinner last night – Beetroot Carpaccio.

The genesis of this was that when we were in Harrietville for a few days  at the end of summer we went out for dinner at the Poplars restaurant in Bright.

We shared a starter – the aforementioned beetroot carpaccio, and thought that’s rather good we can do this ourselves, not realising that there was a recipe out there and the carpaccio was not just something invented by the restaurant.

We had a couple of false starts – bought the beetroot, used it for something else, forgot about it etc, but on Saturday we managed to buy both the beetroot and some firmish goat cheese at the same time.

To make the carpaccio we:

  • topped tailed and sliced a beetroot thinly
  • marinaded it in a mixture of one quarter balsamic / three quarters white wine vinegar
  • after twenty minutes realised that wasn’t going to quite work so zapped the beetroot plus vinegar in the microwave for a minute
  • let the beetroot (still in the marinade) cool
  • once cool lay on a plate, dress with 10c coin sized bits of goat cheese and a good quality olive oil
  • garnish with a salad of endive, radicchio and lettuce (or use a good mesculun salad mix)
  • serve, along with some greek style lamb sausage
  • enjoy

and pretty good it was too!

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Telling stories with technology

When I was on holiday in South Australia I was much struck by the impact of the Corninsh community in South Australia, and how you could come across towns like Burra that look as if a bit of St Just had been mysteriously transported to the otherside of the planet.

My original idea was to develop and expand the idea that Australia is a patchwork of various migrant histories, not just the Irish and English shipped as convicts, or the Chinese who came in search of gold, but of small communities like to Cornish, who came to mine copper, and who came because of economic depression at home and how they had a valuable skill in hard rock mineral mining.

But that’s not the post I’m going to write. If you’re interested in the Cornish experience in South Australia you can find a remarkable amount of information on wikipedia.

I’m not going to write that post because the other thing that struck me about the marginal grasslands of South Australia was the number of abandoned narrow gauge rail lines. Now I admit to being a bit of a geek about old trains and have never quite got over my fascination with nineteenth century railways.

These railways are not just ‘there’. They were built for rational economic reasons to get wool, grain and minerals to the coast for export, in just the same way as there is a network of rail lines in WA running from various ports out into the desert to transport iron ore to be loaded onto ships for export.

However unlike today’s mineral lines in WA these railways also provided a passenger service, which meant that a copper miner in Burra could have bought a train ticket to the coast and found passage back to Cornwall, or vice versa.

And this is my point, these were modern societies. Travel was possible, even moderately comfortable. They could write letters to family still in Cornwall and have a reasonable expectation that the letters would get there.

They could order books from London, they could even subscribe to the London Times – there are stories of the migrant gentry getting their copy of the Times sent by sea and sitting down and reading them in strict order, one a day, albeit with an offset of three months (this story does not just apply to Australia, I’ve come across variants of the same story told about the white community in Malaya and Burma).

And of course, because they could do these things, they did and in the process documented their life and their society, and it is this documentation which makes it possible to tell their story.

There is of course a degree of handwringing going on at the moment about how future historians won’t be able to tell stories because of the death of letter writing. I also used to think that would be the case but, I am less convinced.

Yes, people no longer write letters, but they blog, post pictures on Flickr and the like. I am certain that Adam of Usk and both Francis Kilvert and WG BurnMurdoch would have blogged had they had the technology. And Isabella Bird would most certainly have done – her ‘Unbeaten tracks in Japan’ was written as a sequence of letters and reads like a blog, in much the same way as Beth Elliss rather breathless account of her journey to Burma at the end of the nineteenth century reads like an enthusiastic travel blog.

And not everything survived. The only letters we have are those that survived. Like J’s great^3 grandfather’s work book, he must have had more than one but only one has survived. The other probably lit fires or worse in the course of the intervening 150 years.

More importantly, some of that which survives is useless due to its lack of context – we may have the letters, we may roughly know when they were written, but to whom, or by whom can often be a complete mystery.

So, to draw this to some sort of a conclusion we could say that the material is still extant to tell stories, in the forms of flickr collections, facebook posts, emails and blogs, our real question is what happens to these after the owners of that material dies – is there enough with enough context to tell meaningful stories.

The other thing to say is that this is also a golden age to tell stories based on people’s correspondence, as both so much is available from the nineteenth century, and in digital format.

I’m currently about halfway through William Dalrymple’s Last Mughal. In the introduction he tells a little story of how he’d manage to gain access to the State Archives in Yangon and how amazingly they had all Zafar’s prison records scanned and indexed online and were able to burn him a cd of the documents.

Now we might not all aspire to write the story of the last pre-Empire ruler of India, but this little story is telling – information is increasingly easier to find and to search for because of the changes in technology make it so much simpler.

Strange to find that the technology of the second technological revolution is helping us document and record the first …

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South Australia – part 2

After the Flinders Ranges we were moving on to Kangaroo Island, an island off the Fleurieu Peninsula south of Adelaide.

From Hawker we drove south through Quorn, another former railway town shrunk in on itself to Port Augusta where we joined the main road from Adelaide to Perth and Darwin – the two split slightly to the west of the town.

Due to the previous day’s rain in the desert the car was covered with what can best be described as orange clag, a thin dried on hard coating of desert mud. We managed to find a coin operated jetwash without too much difficulty – coming back onto a major trucking route had some advantages and cleaned the car down as best we could.

Turning back onto the highway we set off towards Adelaide over fairly featureless dry scrubby plain overtaking and being overtaken by roadtrains.

We soon tired of the highway and as soon as possible turned off to head through Clare and the Barossa valley to Adelaide, rejoining the line of the old Main North Road (which incidentally ran up through Burra) to reach Adelaide.

We were staying in a hotel in the centre of Adelaide. Here Samantha came into her own, guiding us quickly and accurately to the hotel, even when we took a wrong turn at an intersection and started heading west rather than east.

We’d chosen the hotel because it had a secure underground carpark and was within three or four blocks of a couple main restaurant areas, meaning we should have been able to find somewhere decent without difficulty.

Unfortunately we’d failed to take account of it being Saturday evening, and didn’t try calling ahead to make a reservation, which meant that we ended up eating somewhere not quite as good as we’d intended.

We’d also naively thought that we would be able to do some shopping on Sunday morning before checking out, but Adelaide sleeps later than Canberra with a lot of places not opening until 10.30 on a Sunday morning.

So, we checked out early and drove down towards the Fleurieu peninsula and Cape Jervis, which is where you get the Kangaroo Island ferry.

On a whim we stopped in Aldinga, and not only discovered an excellent bakery, but also the Vine cafe which served a superlative breakfast, more a brunch, which more than made up for the previous night’s indifferent dinner.

Then on, meandering down the road to Cape Jervis – due to our aborted shopping plans we were ridiculously early, and stopped at Foodworks in Yanakilla to buy supplies for our time on the island, as we’d been warned that supplies were expensive and that shops were few and far between away from the populated end of the island around Penneshaw and Kingscote.

Being us, we of course were headed to the far end of the island to stay in a cottage at the edge of the national park.

Despite our best efforts we were still ridiculously early for the ferry and were reduced to playing ‘I spy with my little eye’ to pass the time while we waited.

As it was winter the ferry was on a reduced service which meant it didn’t leave until four o’clock, and that meant the sun was setting as we drove off onto the island.

As we drove off it gently began to spit with rain which gradually intensified. What we had failed to appreciate is just how big the island was – our cottage was 125km from the ferry terminal on the fairly uninhabited south west end of the island.

As the sun dimmed the rain started to come in short intense squalls, and after we passed the township of American River we seemed to be the only car on the road.

Certainly the wildlife thought so as we had to brake several time to avoid various hopping things including wallabies and small kangaroos.

The cottage was up a dirt road. 8km up a wet muddy dirt road. It seemed longer in the rain, but we found it (One good thing about South Australia is that rural properties all have to display their block number on an official government sign at the end of their access – the sign is a very simple reflective black and white sign, but it did make spotting the gate for block 837 straight forward.

The cottage was remote and on the edge of the national park. So remote that the gas was bottled gas and electricity either came from solar panels on the roof,  or from the backup generator. No TV, mobile phone or internet.

The access key was in a key safe, the sort real estate agents use. After fumbling the combination a couple of times in the rain and the dark we manged to open it and get the key and let ourselves in.

The lights came on, flickering as the backup generator built up speed, and the gas heater lit, and the owner had laid a fire for us in the wood stove.

We were there, we were warm, we had light. After a simple pasta dinner we sat and listened to music while the rain continued to beat on the roof in fierce squalls out of somewhere in the Southern ocean.

Kangaroo Island is so named because when the explorer Matthew Flinders reached it in 1802 he found large numbers of kangaroos, some of which he promptly shot for supplies. More importantly for the history of the island, when a few days later he encountered the French explorer Nicolas Baudin’s expedition ship in Encounter Bay off the Fleurieu peninsula, he told Baudin of the island.

Baudin and his team spent several months there, surveying the island, with the result that many of the capes and headlands have French names, and describing the wildlife, including the kangaroos, the Australian sea lions and a now extinct species of dwarf emu, which they mistook for a sort of cassowary, with the result that there is now a ‘Ravine des Casoars’ on the island.

After Baudin left a group of American sealers set up camp at American River, where they built themselves a second boat and harvested the seals and sealions of the island. There was no formal settlement of the island until the 1830‘s, and even then it clustered around Kingscote and Penneshaw leaving most of the west end unsettled and uncleared.

Even now there are very few people living on the south and west of the island.

When we woke the next morning the rain was still coming in squalls, meaning that we had a slow start, but drove down to Seal Bay in the national park. Seal Bay is a major breeding and residential site for the now critically endangered Australian sea lion.

National park wardens offer guided tours of the sea lion colony. It was cold, it was wet, it was windy and we were the only people there.

The consequence was the rangers gave us a great tour, especially once they realised that we were not only genuinely interested and actually knew about wildlife. taking us on a tour of the dunes where there were sealions huddling in hollows to escape the wind and out onto the beach, deserted save for a couple of animals hauling out.

Sealions tend to stay faithful to the location in which they were born, meaning that when the sealers attacked them in the nineteenth century they tended to wipe out whole colonies, however somehow the Seal Bay colony survived, perhaps because the rocks and skerries at the entrance to the bay made it too dangerous for men in wooden boats.

The result is that the Seal Bay colony is one of the largest remaining colonies -it is quite a humbling thought to realise that we probably saw around five percent of the remaining world population in a single afternoon.

The weather the next day was no better so we contented ourselves with a drive around the island. Typically, the next, our last day was better, so before we left to catch the afternoon ferry we drove down to Flinders Chase national park to photograph the fur seal colony at admiral’s arch and take a look at the Remarkable Rocks – strange mad wind sculpted rocks above a stormy point over the ocean.

We of course spent too long at the national park and had a mad dash the length of the island to catch the ferry, but we made it in time for a rough and stormy crossing.

This dumped us back on the mainland  mid afternoon. Rather than drive back to Adelaide we dog-legged cross country to Hahndorf, a little town on the freeway out of Adelaide, originally settled by Lutheran settlers from Germany in the late 1840‘s. Hahndorf retains its German heritage in a slightly kitschy way, with  German style pubs and pub food, not to mention some wonderful apple strudel.

Due to it’s German-ness Hahndorf was placed under martial law during the first world war and renamed Ambleside until sometime in the 1930‘s. The railway station never changed its name back, and was till Ambleside until it closed in the 1960‘s.

We’d chosen Hahndorf as it was on the freeway as we had a long drive to Ballarat in Victoria the next day – in fact we had a longer drive than we intended as we turned off the main highway after Tailem Bend to drive across the Cooryong salt lagoon country – hordes of pelicans and seabirds before turning off at Kingston SE – where we picked up some fresh crayfish sandwiches for lunch to head cross country through Penola – notable as the place where Mary Mackillop – Australia’s only Catholic saint – began her work teaching the children of the poor, and then to Hamilton in Victoria, through the Grampians past Dunkeld – you can tell from where the original European settlers came and all to Ballarat, the site of Eureka stockade where the gold miners rebelled against what they felt was excessive government regulation and restriction.

All this took longer than planned meaning that we arrived after dark, and after dinner collapsed in bed.

The next day it was still cold and windy and we had a late start. We’d originally had plans to visit the art gallery but instead drove up to Daylesford and Trentham before driving down to stay with J’s relatives in Mornington. It was not only Friday but the start of a long weekend with the result that the highway was clogged and it took us much longer than planned.

After a day in Mornington we drove back to Canberra – stopping off to allow J to have a look at Eltham where she lived when a girl including taking a look at her parents old house which is still there and then rejoining the freeway.

All in all we’d done around 5000km in two weeks and seen a lot of the country -truly an excellent adventure.

 

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Off to South Australia – part 1

We were off to South Australia to the Flinders Ranges and Kangaroo Island.

The Saturday before we left was a mad dash of organisng bags, making sure we’d packed supplies and clothing, and taking the cat to the cat motel.

We weren’t camping, nor were we going direct to a cottage so we only took a few basics with us, crackers, longlife cheese, ryebread etc, as we planned to buy supplies on the way.
 
Sunday, we were up bright and early before dawn, loading the car as the sun rose and off by seven through the early morning mist – stunningly beautiful as the sun broke through the mist over the vinyards round Murrmbateman.

We had a third companion – Samantha, our newly acquired GPS for the car. We had programmed it for Mildura – our destination that night but had failed to tell it we intended to go via Wagga.

Samantha had decided we should go via Harden and Junee to join the Mildura road in Narrendra.

So off we went, with Samantha peiordically shrieking instructions to get us turn right off the freeway and get us back on track. At one point she sulked and asked if we were abandoning the journey.

We ignored her.

As planned we got to Wagga just after ten. Last time we stopped off in Wagga it was for a late lunch on a Saturday afternoon and Wagga was closed.

Sunday morning was no different. After circling the city centre a couple of times we spotted a group of people at an outside table. We guessed that it must be the smokers sin bin for a cafe, and we were right – we’d found a rather nice, happening (well not because it was Sunday) cafe that did a decent coffee and cake. You could tell from the ambience that it had ambitions to be the iPadista hang out of Wagga. On Sunday the Cache cafe was simple pleasant and relaxed with smooth jazz on the sound system and people enjoying a morning coffee and meeting to talk.

Then off. Samantha was in a better mood with us as we were  last heading in a sensible direction and helpfully directed us out of the city centre down streets of nice looking Federation and Art Deco style villas and out into the countryside.

From then it was straight run to Hay. Last time we’d headed west the road ran through the town, but now it had been bypassed. We’d made up sandwiches for lunch, knowing it could be difficult to fine somewhere open on a winter Sunday in country NSW and had a slightly chilly picnic in a park.

Agriculture had more or less disappeared, being replaced with deserty scrub somewhere between Hay and Wagga, but as we got close to the Murray cotton farms appeared with big yellow plastic bales of cotton littereing the landscape and glinting in the sun. Then more empty featureless scrub. Last time we’d passed this way we’d spotted a pair of emus running through the scrub. This time we had to be content with an emu’s bottom poking up as it foraged for seeds.

And then, as we got close to Mildura vinyards began to appear – orange red yellow in the by now low winter sun and citrus orchards, with the first crops still on the trees.

One sign advertising ‘fresh Mandys’ caused us some private amusement.

And then on into Mildura, checking into our motel just as the sun was setting.

Dinner at the Mildura brewery pub was excellent and convivial and then back to watch the Eurovision final on SBS – our excuse being that after 950km, a beer and a couple of glasses of wine we weren’t really into exercising our intellects.

The next day it was up early for breakfast at Hudak’s bakery. Still good but not as inspired as the last time we stayed in Mildura – I’d been holding out for a cauliflower pie with melted cheese, but no such luck.

Then off to South Australia over more scrubby desert, stopping to be checked for illegal fruit at the birder by the vegetable police and then on down to Wakerie on the Murray for a rather chilly riverfront picnic. Then off across the chain ferry across the river to Morgan.

In the nineteenth century Morgan was the second busiest river port in Sout Australia and a railway terminus where wool and grain from the outback was transshipped to barges to go down the river to Adelaide.

Now it is a dry forlorn sort of a place without a decent cafe for a cup of coffee.

Then inland away from the Murray over increasingly dry country to Burra.

Burra is an interesting place. Founded in the mid nineteenth century it was populated by miners from Cornwall working in the copper mines. The place has an old nineteenth century look, little touched by modern development with buildings that look as if they could have come from a mining town in Cornwall like St Just or Redruth, and rows of small miners cottages, and a very Cornish engine house and mine chimeny.

Burra is also famous as the place where John McDoull Stewart, the first man to cross Australia from south to north to south arrived back to European settlement. Stewart accopmlished this when surveying the overland route of the telegraph cable to connect Australia to Singapore, India and thence London, arrived back to having set out from Adelaide to Port Keats, now Darwin. 

The thing that has always fascinated me about the story is that Stewart arrived, went to the telegraph office, sent a message to the government in Adelaide that he had been successful, went to the Burra hotel, had a good dinner and then caught the evening train back the next day.

Wonderfully magnificently prosaic end to an epic journey.

The telegraph office is the Burra Art Gallery and one of the bits of heritage architecture in Burra. The train however no longer runs.

In memory of Stewart we too had a good roast dinner in the Burra hotel with a decent local wine.

The next day was even colder. Freezing in the morning. When we checked out the motel owner told us that it might snow – apparently they get snow every two to three years.

On off through Peterborough, which used to be a major rail junction where the old rail line to Alice Springs branched off from the line from Port Augusta through to Broken Hill. Peterborough once had 10,000 people working on the railways alone in the days when the outback rail lines brought sheep, wool and grain sown tp Port Augusta for export, not to mention minerals. Now most of these lines are gone and Peterborough has shrunk in on itself although the train through to Broken Hill and thence Sydney and Newcastle still runs.

You might think that Peterborough’s name was inspired by the rail town in the east of England, and perhaps it was in part, but it was originally Petersburg until it was renamed in 1916 in a burst of anti-German xenophobia.

Then up to Hawker through dying towns – Yarcowie, nothing more than a moribund hotel and some decaying farm buildings, or Carrieton – a shop, a memorial hall far too big for the town now and a couple of petrol pumps. All built when agriculture employed many more people than it does now and all now left with civic buildings way beyond their needs.

The old narrow gauge ‘Ghan’ line to Alice once ran through Hawker, but when they built a new standard gauge line in the fifties it took a different route bypassing Hawker. The old narrow gauge line closed in the seventies leaving Hawker to cling on on the back of the outback tourist trade – a shop, a cafe, a petrol station and a cash machine, plus a restaurant in the old train station.

Stopping only to fill up we went on to Rawnsley Park, a former sheep station now converted to tourism on the edge of the Flinders Ranges national park.

The afternoon we got there we did very little other than stop and unwind, glad to be no longer travelling. The next day we were still in chill out mode, but went up to Wilpena Pound,  a huge many millions of years old meteorite crater in the desert. 

We were still in chill out mode so we had had a late start and restricted ourselves to a fairly gentle walk, via Hills homestead, and abandoned and now preserved farm cottage to Wangara lookout, where you could look out over the crater. On the way as well as kangaroos we saw several pairs of emus and a group of feral goats who seemed to have escaped the rangers attempts to round them up and remove them from the park.

 The next day we did something rather more serious, climbing Mount Ohlsen Bagge to get spectacular views over the crater. 

We had originally planned to climb St Mary’s peak, but left it too late to manage it comfortably in the daylight available at what was now only three weeks from the shortest day. Ohlsen Bagge was shorter, but considerably harder and steeper with several scrambly sections up to the top at 937m for spectacular views north through the Flinders ranges and out over Wilpena pound.

What was slightly less welcome was the sight of rain clouds sweeping in from the north and sure enough, on the way down it began to spit with rain.

Dinner was at the Woolshed Restaurant at the station and on the way back it was still blowing and spitting with rain. In the middle of the night we were woken by wind and heavy rain falling on the tin roof of the cottage we were staying in. 

We woke to scudding clouds and rain. After the previous day’s exertions we were quite stiff so we had a slow start while we waited to see if the weather would clear.

It didn’t. We set off to drive up to Blinman, an old copper mining town, with the idea of a walk and an explore. On the way we stopped off to walk up to Arkoola rock to look at the Aboriginal rock paintings there.

It was only spitting as we walked up through the scrubby bush. The first rock had some pretty decent rock art, there was also a second rock which till had smoke stains from beeing used as a shelter much like Yankee Hat in Namadgi, but here, whatever paintings had been there were long gone and the rock was scratched and graffittied. 

On the way back it began to rain, and by the time we were on the road it was pretty heavy and constant.

Still, we pressed on passing several bedraggled squads of emus along the road. Blinman is the highest town in South Australia and was founded at the start of the twentieth century due to the discovery of copper. Like Burra, it ws principally populated by miners who had come originally from Cornwall. 

The mine never thrived and eventually went bust in the early part of the twentiteh century leaving Blinman with a number of fairly substantial late Victorian stone buildings, including the Wild Lime cafe which was about to shut up shop early due to the weather and lack of trade, but stayed open to serve us coffee and a cornish pasty – damned good it was too.

We’d planned to walk round Blinman and explore and photograph the town but the rain was now bucketing down, so we decided that games were now off and contented ourselves with a couple of pictures of the main street befor turning tail and heading back to Rawnsley park.
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Orwell, baked beans and me

I never quite felt at home living in England. I could never put my finger on it – a longing for exoticism, a love of Chinese supermarkets and the wonderful and sometimes wierd packages therein, a fascination with other places.

Some of this lust was satisfied by travel and some of it was sublimated by submersing oneself in another language and culture, in my case Russian during Soviet times.

But I could never explain this non-belonging, but now I think I understand it a little better.

About 10 years ago I was in a taxi in Kuala Lumpur. Stupidly we’d arrived on Diwali, which is a public holiday and the taxi taking us to our hotel took a slightly roundabout route to avoid streets in the city centre that had been closed for a procession. The cab went up a hill, past some old colonial houses and then across Medan Pasar, which had been the old central square in colonial times.

Nothing unusual about that except I recognised the street from photographs in a family album from the 1930’s. Spine tingling. I’ve never been able to find the street again and for all I know I was mistaken, but it was an odd experience.

The same goes for Singapore. I actually know the names of places – again because we have pictures of houses and buildings in family albums. In Singapore it’s easier as places still retain their colonial names, but strangely I know where things are. I knew there used to be a railway halt at Bukit Timah before I ever went there. To my regret, it’s now closed and I never got a photograph of me in the train station. Why?

My father spent time in Singapore and the far east in the nineteen forties and his brother was a colonial official in Malaya and later Singapore, and lived in KL and in later a house off Bukit Timah Road in Singapore. My father’s brother died during the second world war and my father never went back after about 1949.

The consequence of this is that while I have never lived in south east Asia, I know these things, the names of places, even to the extent of a few words of Malay, but  the thing which I realise now is because I have heard stories about Malaysia and Singapore from a young age and that this has entered my subconsciousness.

My father and his brother  knew some basic Malay (my father’s brother was apparently quite fluent if ungrammatical)  and even now my father can still manage some very old fashioned Hindi.

And of course it’s not just language. Like all the British in Malaya they ate Ayam tinned food from time to time, and oddly still bought them after they came back to Britain, they knew a little about Asian food, would occasionally buy some (canned) exotic ingredients and create something like Malaysian food. More importantly, the experience of being somewhere radically different had changed them and made them more open to the exotic and the interesting.

And of course the people that they mixed with socially had much the same attitude and experience.

Now one has the image that colonial officials were narrow minded demagogues dedicated to keeping the natives in check. Doubtless some of them were, but equally some must have gone more than just a little native and develped an understanding and sympathy for the cultures they were surrounded by.

Some came back more worldly, less predjudiced, and with an understanding of cultures other than their own.

Now without wanting to make too much of this I now think some of this rubbed off on me – essentially with parents of a liberal ex colonial bent you absorb a taste for the exotic and end up chafing against the insularity and complacency you come up against.

Thinking about my own experience I suspect – it’s unprovabale – that Orwell must have had some sort of epiphany to turn him from a pukka sahib to someone with an empathy with the culture with which he is surrounded – never truly part of it yet out of sorts with his own.

I’ve previously said that in Burmese Days I thought that the character of Ellis was modelled in part on racist people he knew and in part on his former self. Thinking this through I equally feel that we could argue that Flory – out of sorts with the Poms at the club but not really integrated with Burmese society is modelled on his new, more culturally attuned self, but one that still goes shooting and still lives the life of a Pom, and find himself not really belonging.

Strangely, and I don’t know how much of this is just projection on my part I’ve always felt distant. Part of the reason I feel more comfortable in Australia is that everyone is from somewhere else – not strictly true, but the mix of cultures is invigorating, and yes, you can buy Ayam baked beans as well as Heinz and other brands.

Buried in this is another serious point. When people talk about the legacy of empire they talk about the institutions and buildings that the British left behind. The other legacy is the way it helped open Britain up to the influences of what used to be called ‘the orient’ and its languages and cultures.

And it is important that while these people went there to work, to run palm oil plantations and the like they never went there to settle – they were an alien governing and managerial class and not people who would settle – always aliens in a sea of vibrant cultures.

This different from the colonial experience in East Africa, Zimbabwe, or South Africa where white people wnt with the aim of putting down roots, of farming of settling permanently, but who were for ever a minority watchful in case the dispossesed would ever demand their land back.

And differnt again from Canada, Australia and to a lesser extent New Zealand where the dispossessed were so dominated by the alien incomers that they were permanently marginalised.

One thing I notice when I go back to England on a visit is how increasingly narrow and insular its becoming with a segregated society and among the middle and upper classes a remarkable ignorance of everything other than English culture and history (with the French and the Graeco Romans getting a look in).

And, perhaps as a consequence of this, this is not something that is dealt with much in contemporary literature – either by British authors or writers from what was once British India – Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Burma – or Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei – working in English.

And that’s a puzzle – aliens in their own land – I might have thought that would have inspired someone …

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Myanmar Bibliography

As I’ve mentioned before, we’ve started investigating the possibility of a trip to Myanmar.

One thing I’ve found is my own ignorance on the history of Myanmar – so I’ve started reading about the country. The first thing in researching the topic is the lack of information on the country and its history. To this end I’ve put together a mini bibliography of the material I’ve found.

It is of course an idiosyncratic and personal collection but hopefully it might save anyone else in the same position a little bit of time…

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